Defining
We use the following expressions to define terms:
1. is defined as being.....
2. refers to......
3. is.....
4. is reffered to as being.....
5. By...............we mean...
6. has been defined as being....
Examples:
Culture is the way of life of a group of people.
Culture is defined as being the way of life of a group of people.
Culture refers to the way of life of a group of people.
Culture is reffered to as being the way of life of a group of people.
Culture has been defined as being the way of life of a group of people.
Asking for, Giving and Responding to Advice
Asking for advice
1. What do you think I should do?
2. What should I do?
3. What do you suggest?
4. What would you do if?
Giving advice
1. I think you should + verb in bare infinitive (infinitive without "to")
2. Maybe you should + verb in bare infinitive (infinitive without "to")
3. If I were you, I would + verb in bare infinitive (infinitive without "to")
4. You'd better + verb in bare infinitive (infinitive without "to")
5. You'd better not + verb in bare infinitive (infinitive without "to")
6. I advise you to ...
7. I advise you not to...
8. You ought to ...
9. You oughtn't to...
Responding to advice
1. That's a good idea.
2. Sounds like a good idea.
3. Thanks for your advice, but...
Declining to give advice
1. I don't know what to advise. I'm afraid.
2. I wish I could suggest something, but I can't.
3. I wish I could help.
4. I'm afraid I can't really help you. I have the same problem myself.
Example:
Mary: I am having problems with my computer. What do you think I should do?
Jane: You'd better format it.
Mary: That's a good idea! thank you. or I wish I could help, but I can't.
Past Perfect Simple
Form: had+past participle of the verb | ||
Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative |
I had done you had done he/she/it had done we had done you had done (plural) they had done | I had not done you had not done he/she/it had not done we had not done you had not done they had not done | Had I done? Had you done? Had he/she/it done? Had we done? Had you done? Had they done? |
Use
The past perfect simple is used to express an action in the past which happened before another action in the past.
action 2 action 2
e.g. When the police arrived, the criminal had escaped.
The criminal escaped before the police arrived, which means they didn’t catch him.
Interactive Exercises : Past Perfect Simple
Irregular
verbs
verbs
Base form | Past simple | Past participle | Arabic Translation |
awake | awoke | awoken | استيقظ |
be | was/were | been | يكون |
bear | bore | born/borne | تحمل /ولد |
beat | beat | beaten | ضرب |
become | became | become | اصبح |
begin | began | begun | بدأ |
bend | bent | bent | انحنى |
bet | bet | bet | راهن |
bind | bound | bound | يربط /يوثق /يقيد |
bite | bit | bitten | يعض /يلدغ |
bleed | bled | bled | يدمي /ينزف |
blow | blew | blown | يهب /ينفخ |
break | broke | broken | يكسر/ينكسر |
breed | bred | bred | يلد/ينسل |
bring | brought | brought | يحضر |
broadcast | broadcast | broadcast | يذيع |
build | built | built | يبني |
burn | burnt | burnt | يحرق |
burst | burst | burst | ينفجر/يندفع (داخلا أو خارجا) بقوة |
buy | bought | bought | يشتري |
cast | cast | cast | يرمي |
catch | caught | caught | يمسك |
choose | chose | chosen | يختار |
cling | clung | clung | يتمسك /يتشبث |
come | came | come | أتى |
cost | cost | cost | يكلف (الثمن) |
creep | crept | crept | يزحف |
cut | cut | cut | يقطع |
deal | dealt | dealt | يتعامل /يعامل |
dig | dug | dug | يحفر |
do | did | done | يفعل/ يعمل |
draw | drew | drawn | يرسم |
dream | dreamt | dreamt | يحلم |
drink | drank | drunk | يشرب |
drive | drove | driven | يقود/ يسوق |
dwell | dwelt | dwelt | يسكن |
eat | ate | eaten | يأكل |
fall | fell | fallen | يسقط |
feed | fed | fed | يطعم |
feel | felt | felt | يحس/ يلمس |
fight | fought | fought | يتشاجر/ يقاتل |
find | found | found | يجد/ يكتشف |
fit | fit | fit | يلائم/ يليق |
flee | fled | fled | يفر |
fly | flew | flown | يحلق/ يطير |
forbid | forbade/forbad | forbidden | يمنع/ يحظر |
foresee | foresaw | foreseen | يتنبأ |
foretell | foretold | foretold | يتكهن |
forget | forgot | forgotten | ينسى |
forgive | forgave | forgiven | يغفر/ يصفح |
forsake | forsook | forsaken | يهجر |
freeze | froze | frozen | يتجمد |
get | got | got/gotten | ينال |
give | gave | given | يعطي |
go | went | gone/been | يذهب |
grind | ground | ground | يطحن |
grow | grew | grown | ينمو/ يكبر/ ينبت |
hang | hung/hanged | hung/hanged | يعلق |
have | had | had | يملك |
hear | heard | heard | يسمع |
hide | hid | hidden | يخبئ/ يختبئ |
hit | hit | hit | يضرب |
hold | held | held | يعقد مؤتمرا/ يمسك |
hurt | hurt | hurt | يؤلم/ يجرح/ يؤذي |
keep | kept | kept | يحتفظ/ يبقي |
kneel | knelt/kneeled | knelt/kneeled | يركع |
knit | knit/knitted | knit/knitted | يربط/ يشابك/ يحبك |
know | knew | known | يعرف/ يعلم |
lay | laid | laid | يضع/ يطرح أرضا |
lead | led | led | يقود/ يرشد |
lean | leant/leaned | leant/leaned | يستند/ يميل |
leap | leapt/leaped | leapt/leaped | يثب/ يقفز/ يتخطى |
learn | learnt/learned | learnt/learned | يتعلم |
leave | left | left | يغادر |
lend | lent | lent | يقرض |
let | let | let | يدع |
lie | lay | lain | يتمدد/ يكذب |
light | lit | lit | يشعل/ يشرق |
lose | lost | lost | يفقد/ يخسر |
make | made | made | يصنع/ يجعل |
mean | meant | meant | يعني |
meet | met | met | يلتقي |
mistake | mistook | mistaken | يسيئ الفهم/ يخطئ |
pay | paid | paid | يدفع (الثمن) |
put | put | put | يضع |
quit | quit | quit | يغادر/ يكف عن |
read | read | read | يقرأ |
ride | rode | ridden | يركب |
ring | rang | rung | يرن |
rise | rose | risen | ينهض/ يقوم/ يشرق |
run | ran | run | يجري/ يعدو |
say | said | said | يقول |
see | saw | seen | يرى |
seek | sought | sought | يبحث عن |
sell | sold | sold | يبيع |
send | sent | sent | يرسل/ يبعث |
set | set | set | يحدد/ يقرر/ يضبط/ يثبت/ الخ |
shake | shook | shaken | يهتز/ يرتج/ يرتعش/ |
shave | shaved | shaven/shaved | يحلق (الذقن) |
shed | shed | shed | يذرف |
shine | shone | shone | يتـلق/ يلمع |
shoot | shot | shot | يقذف/ يطلق النار |
show | showed | shown | يعرض/ يظهر/ يري |
shrink | shrank | shrunk | ينكمش/ يتقلص |
shut | shut | shut | يغلق |
sing | sang | sung | يغني |
sink | sank | sunk | يغطس/ يغرق |
sit | sat | sat | يجلس |
sleep | slept | slept | ينام |
sling | slung | slung | يقذف بقوة/ يعلق/ يدلي |
slit | slit | slit | يقطع/ يشق |
smell | smelt | smelt | يشم/ يفوح (رائحة) |
speak | spoke | spoken | تكلم |
spell | spelt/spelled | spelt/spelled | تهجى |
spend | spent | spent | يقضي(وقتا) / يصرف (مالا) |
spill | spilt | spilt/ | يسفح/ يريق/ يسفك |
spit | spat/spit | spat/spit | يبصق |
split | split | split | يشق/ يفلق |
spread | spread | spread | ينشر/ ينتشر |
spring | sprang | sprung | يقفز |
stand | stood | stood | يصمد/ يقف |
steal | stole | stolen | يسرق |
stick | stuck | stuck | يلتصق |
sting | stung | stung | يلسع/ يلدغ |
stink | stank | stunk | ينتن |
stride | strode | stridden | يمشي بخطى واسعة |
strike | struck | struck/stricken | يضرب |
strive | strove | striven | يكافح |
swear | swore | sworn | يقسم |
sweep | swept | swept | يكنس |
swell | swelled | swollen | ينتفخ/ يتورم |
swim | swam | swum | يسبح |
swing | swung | swung | يتأرجح |
take | took | taken | يأخذ |
teach | taught | taught | يعلم/ يربي |
tear | tore | torn | يمزق |
tell | told | told | يروي/ يقص |
think | thought | thought | يظن/ يفكر |
thrive | throve/thrived | thriven/thrived | يزدهر |
throw | threw | thrown | يرمي/ يلقي |
thrust | thrust | thrust | يدفع/ يقحم |
tread | trod | trodden | treads |
undergo | underwent | undergone | يجتاز/ يقاسي/ يعاني |
understand | understood | understood | يفهم |
wake | woke | woken | يوقظ |
wear | wore | worn | يرتدي |
weave | wove | woven | ينسج |
weep | wept | wept | يبكي |
win | won | won | يربح |
wind | wound | wound | ينفخ/ يلف |
withdraw | withdrew | withdrawn | ينسحب |
withhold | withheld | withheld | يكبح/ يمتنع عن |
withstand | withstood | withstood | يصمد/ يقاوم |
write | wrote | written | يكتب |
can | could | يستطيع/ يقدر/ يمكن | |
may | might | يستطيع/ يمكن/ قد/ ربما/جائز | |
must | had to | يجب/ ضروري | |
shall | should | سوف | |
will | would | سوف | |
Past Perfect Simple
I/you/he/she/it/we/they had cleaned I/you/he/she/it/we/they hadn’t cleaned Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they cleaned?
Study this example situations
Nabil discovered that someone had stolen his wallet.
The criminal had killed 20 people when he committed suicide.
We use past perfect to make clear that one event or action happened before another in the past.
Exercises
A. Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets.1. You went to Jill's house but she wasn't there. (she/go/out) She had gone out.2. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn't the same as before.(it/change/a lot)……………………………..3. I invited Rachel to the party but she couldn't come. (she/arrange/to do something else)………………………………………………..4. You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late.(the film/already/begin)…………………………………………….5. I was very pleased to see him again after such a long time. (I/not/see/him for five years)………………………………………………
6. I offered Se something to eat but she wasn't hungry. (she/just/have/breakfast)……………………………………………………………….
B. Read the situations and write sentences ending with before. Use the verb given in brackets.1. The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight. (fly) He had never flown before. OR He hadn't flown before.2. A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me.(see) I …………………………………………………………………..3. Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn't very good at it because it was his first game.(play) He……………………………….4. Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there (be) We…………………………………………………………………………………….
C. Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (I had done etc.) or past simple (I did etc.).1. 'Was Tom at the party when you arrived?' 'No, he had gone (go) home.'2. I felt very tire when I got home, so I (go)………………………………………………….. straight to bed.3. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody (go)……………………………………………………… to bed.4. Sorry I'm late. The car (break)…………………………………………………………… down on my way here.
5. We were driving along the road when we (see)………………………………………… a car which.(break)………………………………….. down, so we (stop)…………………………………………………. to see if we could help.
Past Perfect Continuous
I/you/he/she/it/we/they had been cleaning I/you/he/she/it/we/they had not (hadn’t) been cleaning Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they been cleaning?
Study this example situations
When the kids came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was untidy and one of them had a black eye. They had been fighting.
The action:they were fighting/ The result: their clothes were dirty,their hair was untidy and one them had a black eye.
1. We use past perfect continuous for an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible in the past.
Jamal was exhausted when he arrived. He had been working for 8 hours.
2. We use past perfect continuous to put an emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past before another past action.
Exercises
Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets.1. I was very tired when I arrived home. (I/work/hard all day) I had been working hard all day.
2. The two boys came into the house. They had a football match and they were both very tired. (they/play/football)……..............................................................................................
3. There was nobody in the room but there was a smell of cigarettes.(somebody/smoke/in the room)………………………...........................................................................................……..
4. Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn't know where she was.(she/dream)………….........................................................................................……….
5. When I got home, Mike was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off. (he/watch/TV)………………………...........................................................................……………….
More Practice
Choose the right answer from the given list.1. When Bruce (wake up).....................in the morning, his mother (already/prepare)...................................breakfast.
a-woke up/had already prepared b-had woken up/already prepared c-woke up/prepared
2. Rachel (already/type).......................................her project when the computer (crash)............................................
a-already typed/had crashed b-already typed/crashed c-had already typed/crashed
3. The manager (study)....................................the problem before calling for that urgent meeting.
a-had studied b-was studied c-studying
4. Alfred told me that he (receive)......................................two awards before he (leave)................................to UK.
a-had received/left b-received/had left c-had received/had left
5. The spokesman (announce)......................................that the minister (resign).........................for health reasons.
a-announced/had resigned b-had announced/had resigned c-had announced/resigned
6. Jalal didn’t want to buy the literacy textbook because he (already/buy).................................one last year.
a-already bought b-had already bought c-already buy
7. When Jim arrived, the film (already/begin)......................................................................
a-had already begun b-already begun c-already begin
8. A: Did you stay up late last night?
B: No, I.......................................all day, so I went to bed early.
a-had been working b-worked c-was working
Formal Letter Format
Informal Letter Format
